RACE RESEARCH--Timeline--NON-BIOLOGICAL

Timeline of Scientific Racism

This timeline gives an overview of scientific racism throughout the world, placing the Eugenics Record Office within a broader historical framework extending from Enlightenment-Era Europe to present-day social thought.

---

1759: Botanist Carl Linnaeus publishes the 10^th edition of Systema Naturae, which is the first to fully describe the four races of man.
1770: Dutch naturalist Petrus Camper begins developing his “facial angle” formula, basing his ideal angle on Grecian statues.
1795: Anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach names the five races of man.
Early 1800s: Franz Joseph Gall develops “cranioscopy,” which is later renamed phrenology by his disciple Johann Spurzheim.
1810: John Caspar Lavater publishes the foundational text Essays on Physiognomy.
1828: George Combe publishes The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects, linking phrenology and racial comparison.
1830s: Orson Fowler opens his Phrenological Cabinet in the heart of downtown Manhattan.
1832: Johann Gaspar Spurzheim invigorates the American phrenology movement with his series of lectures in Boston.
1839: Samuel George Morton introduces his theory of craniometry in Crania Americana.
1844: Scottish publisher Robert Chambers releases his Vestiges of the Natural History of Mankind, the most popular work of natural history prior to Darwin’s Origin of Species. Chambers argues that each race represents a different stage of human evolution with whites being the most evolved.
1852: American physician James W. Redfield writes Comparative Physiognomy, which equates each type of people with a specific animal.
1853: French thinker Arthur Comte Gobineau publishes An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race, arguing for the primacy of the Aryan race.
1859: Charles Darwin release the first edition of On the Origin of Species.
1864: Herbert Spencer coins the phrase “survival of the fittest” in developing his theories of social Darwinism.
1865: French anthropologist Paul Broca develops his “table chromatique” for classifying skin color.
1866: Physician John Downs defines “Mongolian idiocy” which he argues is a regression to the “Oriental stage” of human development.
1869: Francis Galton publishes Hereditary Genius, outlining his theories or human breeding.
1876: Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso releases Criminal Man, which outlines his theory of criminal anthropology.
1877: Richard Dugdale publishes The Jukes, which links crime and heredity.
1882: The Chinese Exclusion Act is passed, excluding Chinese laborers from immigration for ten years.
1883: Galton coins the term eugenics.
1886: Chief of the New York City Detective Bureau Thomas F. Byrnes publishes Professional Criminals of America in which he collects the mug shots of notable criminals.
1892: The Chinese Exclusion Act is renewed for ten more years under the Geary Act.
1893: The World’s Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago with country pavilions organized according to scientific theories of race.
1889: Andrew Carnegie pens “The Gospel of Wealth,” justifying the extreme wealth of the robber barrons.
1900: Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance are “rediscovered.”
1902: The Chinese Exclusion Act is made permanent.
1904: Curator of physical anthropology at the Smithsonian Institute Ales Hrdlicka publishes Broca’s “table chromatique” in the U.S.
1905: The German Society for Racial Hygiene is founded.
1905: Alfred Binet invents the IQ test for measuring intelligence.
1907: The Eugenics Education Society is founded in Britain.
1907: The first American compulsory sterilization law goes into effect in 1907 in Indiana with dozens of states following suit.
1910: Zoologist Charles Davenport founds the Eugenics Record Office at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with a grant from Mrs. E.H. Harriman.
1911: The Joint-Congressional Dillingham Commission recommends reading and writing tests to slow “undesirable” immigration.
1911: Franz Boas publishes The Mind of Primitive Man arguing for the role of environmental factors in the apparent differences between races.
1912: The First International Conference of Eugenics is held in London, presided over by Charles Darwin’s son Leonard.
1913: Eugenicist Henry Goddard introduces the IQ test at Ellis Island.
1916: Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, splitting Europe into three racial groups: Nordics, Alpines, and Mediterraneans.
1917: The Immigration Act of 1917 includes the Asiatic Barred Zone, which excludes nearly all immigrants from Asia.
1920: Lothrop Stoddard writes The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy.
1921: The Emergency Quota Act is signed into law, heavily restricting immigration from Eastern & Southern Europe.
1921: The Second International Congress of Eugenics is held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
1923: Carl Bringham publishes A Study of American Intelligence, which uses the IQ testing done by Robert Yerkes to support differences in intelligence between races.
1924: The Immigration Act of 1924 becomes law imposing a quota system that favored Northern & Western Europe and excluding immigration from all of Asia.
1924: U.S. Congressman from New York Emanuel Celler gives his first major speech on the House floor against the Immigration Act of 1924.
1927: The Supreme Court upholds compulsory sterilization in Buck v. Bell.
1932: The Third International Eugenics Conference is held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. ERO Director Charles B. Davenport presides.
1932: The Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences is released with many of the anthropology articles written by Boasians, not Grantians.
1933: The Third Reich enacts the first German compulsory sterilization law.
1935: The Carnegie Institution of Washington orders an external scientific review of the ERO, and finds its records “unsatisfactory for the scientific study of human genetics.”
1937: Madison Grant dies.
1937: The Pioneer Fund is founded by Wickliffe Draper to support racial research. ERO superintendent Harry Laughlin serves as its first president.
1939: The Eugenics Record Office shuts down.
1943: Chinese Exclusion is repealed and a quota is given of 105 immigrants per year.
1952: The McCarran-Walter bill is passed, revising but not eliminating the quota system of immigration.
1965: The Hart-Celler Act repeals the immigration quota system and establishes a new system based on skills and family relation.
1994: Richard J. Hernstein and Charles Murray release The Bell Curve which argues for racial difference in IQ.
1998: The American Anthropological Association issues a statement on race, concluding that contemporary science makes clear that human populations are not “unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups.”
2003: North Carolina finally repeals its compulsory sterilization law.
2014: New York Times journalist Nicholas Wade argues for race-based science in A Troublesome Inheritance.

EARLY AMERICAN COLONIAL TRADE--Currency, Money, Credit--hudson's bay company

Exchange among Native Americans and Europeans before 1800

Ann M. Carlos, University of Colorado Boulder

Frank D. Lewis, Queen’s University

Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada

http://www.economichistory.ca/pdfs/2012/carlos-lewis.pdf


Trade: Silver, silica, copper, obsidian.
Sea shells as money out West; wampum, beads, East.
Boiled bones for pemmican,;
Pottery

Baugh and

Ericson document in Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America.

the Maritime

Peninsula, comprising the Canadian Maritime provinces and parts of Quebec, New York, and
New England,


Exchange: broad based, focused--
Sedentary horticulturists of the Northern Plains--


Potlach--gift giving feast.


Hudsons Bay Company--the two year futures market--
The furs sold in London were exchanged in North America for trade goods that
the company had purchased at least two years earlier.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ENCYCLOPEDIA-- Kravath Ref--OTHERS ET AL--

https://books.google.com/books?id=gmmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&dq=fred+f+kravath+league&source=bl&ots=8OExLJtGFy&sig=275esPFrJa53n_YatsTgzujcju0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4hv6Qy6DWAhXoxVQKHe7wAFYQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=fred%20f%20kravath%20league&f=false






Search Terms:--


"Fred F Kravath" League"--


Chart--Page 232


Tells of measurements, but also the maritime routes--

THE CORONADO EXPEDITION-- 1540-42--IVEY/RHODES/SANCHEZ--1991

https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npsg/coronado_expedition.pdf


Page 17--The charter from the King, delivered on January 6, 1540


SEARCH TERM--
"Coronado's Well-Equipped Army: The Spanish Invasion of"

https://books.google.com/books?id=jqtBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT411&lpg=PT411&dq=Coronado's+Well-Equipped+Army:+The+Spanish+Invasion+of&source=bl&ots=nl0NnS-_gx&sig=Eh8h5d0PYrIQ7NqxB5BR0Z38e08&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvku-pk6HWAhXsylQKHcn2DHQ4ChDoAQgsMAI#v=onepage&q=Coronado's%20Well-Equipped%20Army%3A%20The%20Spanish%20Invasion%20of&f=false




The route of De Soto is, of come, a question for a variety of views.[978] We have in the preceding narrative followed for the track through Georgia a paper read by Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., before the Georgia Historical Society, and printed in Savannah in 1880, [979] and for that through Alabama the data given by Pickett in his History of Alaboma,[980] whose local knowledge adds weight to his opinion49811 As to the point of De Soto's crossing the Mississippi, there is a very general agreement on the lowest Chickasaw Bluff. [982] We are without the means, in any of the original sources, to determine beyond dispute the most northerly point reached by Soto. He had evidently approached, but had learned nothing of, the Missouri River.


Almost at the same time that Soto, with the naked,
starving remnant of his army, was at Pacaha, another Spanish force under Vasquez de Coronado, well handled and perfectly equipped, must in July and August, 1541, have been encamped so near that an Indian runner in a few days might have carried tidings between them. Coronado actually heard of his countryman, and sent him a letter; but his messenger failed to find Soto's party.[983] But, strangely enough, the cruel, useless expedition of Soto finds ample space in history, while the well-managed march of Coronado's careful exploration finds scant mention.[984]




No greater contrast exists in our history than that between these two campaigns.

NAVIGATING THE AMERICAN WEST-- Thomas A Permar

https://books.google.com/books?id=GNxkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68&lpg=PT68&dq=spanish+explorers+dead+reckoning&source=bl&ots=da4izkzk6w&sig=B6-nEmzBlcxrqpkhxJuMwJ7ablM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT7LWbpZLWAhXFylQKHXFoCbsQ6AEIQDAI#v=onepage&q=spanish%20explorers%20dead%20reckoning&f=false




The Florida of the Inca: A History of the Adelantado, Hernando de Soto, Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Florida, and of Other Heroic Spanish and Indian Cavaliers
By Garcilaso de la Vega, John Grier Varner, Jeannette Johnson Varner


https://www.questia.com/library/66001330/the-florida-of-the-inca-a-history-of-the-adelantado

EXPEDITION--Joseph F. Rock in China, 1926-30- -MOUNTAINS OF MYSTERY

Expedition Zum Amnye Machhen in Südwest-China Im Jahre 1926: Im Spiegel Von ... Pub 2003, Wiesbaden.


https://books.google.com/books?id=GPxI7Ff5m-AC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Seeking+the+Mountains+of+Mystery:+An+Expedition+on+the+China&source=bl&ots=YVyo-ZVC9F&sig=Jpgi3OK96IywJ278p8lNK5rodkE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdkJK7u4_WAhUBxWMKHRVOCooQ6AEIWzAP#v=onepage&q=Seeking%20the%20Mountains%20of%20Mystery%3A%20An%20Expedition%20on%20the%20China&f=false

(text translated from German using online OCR)--


The Amnye MakeRock Icam 1926, on ether research trip for the Arnold Arboretum of the Harvard University, into the Nthe of a little known mountain mass in South West China, the Amnye Machhen; it seemed to him to be higher than other Himalayan summits, and he suspected an interesting flora. Stephan B. Sutton, Joseph Rock 's biographer, gave a brief account of his journey to Amnye Machhen (134-139): 7 "Rock laused his financial dilemma by placing a check for a few thousand dollars on his private account Security for a loan to the youngster Yang (of Chonili ...). Although [General] Ma Chi-fu had originally promised him safe escort into the mountains, set rock to the Tibetans and world to the Muslims at a distance. Since the arrival of the Kuo-min-chun he could not be sure that Ma would get his offer, and he did not want to travel all the way to Sining for nothing. In addition, his journey would be a good stack dumb of the wild and rough Ngolok tribe controlled area whose HaB would make a Moslem escort on Ma Chi's people rather a burden than a help. Bandits were Rocks headquarters. (It must be assumed that every Tibetan, at least in this part of the world, was at least a rumor in his life, he wrote to Sargent, director of the Arnold Arboretum and sponsor of the expedition, and said that even the Lamas were not disinclined to cut one's throat, though they were horrified at the totting of a dog, or perhaps even from vermin.) He had no interest in entering into any dangers. Therefore, he won twenty mounted and armed Tibetans to take him to Ragya; he would
Joseph F. Rock (1884-1962) 11Chinese occasional half-hearted proposals to their territory, but they have always hurriedly hurried. Ma Chi-fu only managed to recruit Steuem by sending numerous armed troops who did their job and then retreated quickly. Rock told the story of Chinese handlers who had ventured one week before his arrival to the Ngolok area. They had thrown a thief, and the tribe at night had robbed their camp of Iberia and their yaks. Stan had killed the Chinese, who had sent three horses, 50 taels of silver, and one rifle as a peace offer in their panic, demanded the Ngoloks 4,000 taels of blood money, making it clear that the handlers were willing to pay. The latter fled to Sining and asked General Ma for help. Wisdom, Rock remarked, was therefore of the utmost importance. While waiting for the answer from the three Ngolok chiefs, he withdrew from the Balkan-like policy and went to explore the gorges of the Yellow Plateau, "absolute terra incognita," he remarked in a characteristic manner. It was impossible, however, to descend the steep walls as far as the stream, so he looked down desperately and took pictures. It was during one of these trips, on the 30th of May, that he had a first clear slit on the Amne Machin. Standing on a tall PaB, White really enjoyed himself for the first time in months. "I paid nine peaks, one a huge pyramid of at least 28,000 feet Hobe; he may be a holierdean of some other Himalayan summit, including Everest. It is an enormous mountain massif that surpasses everything, and we had a hundred miles of air line. "Nothing could stop him now. But Rock's plan went wrong. The Bride of the Living Buddha of Labrang did not produce the desired results. Only one of the Ngolok chiefs was satisfied at all, and he was probably the least useful of alien. Stan to secure safe passage through, rock naked the Ngoloks on his intentions. Meanwhile, one of the tribes had killed a smaller Living Buddha from Ragya near the Amn Machin, and the Lamas from Ragya prepared a curse expedition to the mountains to revenge his death. The administrator of the Lamakloster net rock, to join the group, and desperately agreed, assuming that he would receive an armed escort of 30 or 40 Tibes and some Yaks. Since neither people nor yaks could be procured quickly, and the llamas were eager to get on with their faces, Rock stopped. His efforts to be an alternative during the next weeks were in vain, as no one in Ragya was willing to offer the Ngoloks together. The unwelcome delay forced Rock to watch Ragya and the naked existence of his residents closely. (Ad the hill behind the monastery, he later wrote for the National Geo

12 Introductionthese Witten are so low that a man can not stand erect; but these ascetic beings spend their miter here. Others live in Hahlen in the nearby rock walls. Prayer, meditation and abstinence are their lot. You are really abstinent! In winter they live on barley flour; in the summer, their main food seems to consist of boiled nettles.) However, the foreign exchanged. The monkish inhabitants of Ragya did not limit their wranches to the otherworldly. A chattering old waterbearer confirmed what rock always bane: <The living Buddha, he said, was a political or diplomatic system and always worked for the benefit of the wealthy and influential. The Buddha was very rich; likewise his administrator; and when a Reincamation entered, it seemed to him that this miracle always happened as the Supreme Buddha had wished. When, for example, the daughter of a mighty head-stone died, she was soon reborn in a little boy, a nephew of the Buddha's governor-a business, and a political affair, which was pleasant to all concerned. When one of the smaller Buddhas of [Ragya] died, Cr was also happily, comfortably, and quickly reincarnated, dismal in the person of the brother of the administrator! I Wheat, and asked the water-bearer how it came, that none of his children was the rebirth of a different Buddha. With a wink of his eye he noticed that the reason was that the sum of his secular grater was only in two goats. Although such insights distracted him and water on his literary meals, she did not bring Rock closer to his real goal. In his desperation he finally took refuge in extortion. He put it through, that a lamarat was called. <kb said that if they did not bring me Amne Machin, as I said before, I would go to Sining and ask General Ma for a Muslim congregation, go with them to Ragya, and the soldiers would force them to lead the Tibetans and beaters. ) The list worked, and two days saver rock was on the road. The horses swarmed through the Yellow River at Ragya, while the men squatted on inflated goat bellows. Not a single Ngolok appeared between Ragya and the Amn Machin, and so Rock was at rest doing his work. Botanically, the mountain range was a failure. Rock, always in a raw upper 15,000 feet, collected seeds from a series of herbaceous alpine plants, but the slopes were bar of the trees and shrubs he sought. It was also clear from a close examination that the main summit was significantly lower than Mt. Everest. When he saw him out of the valley, Rock could not make a precise measurement and tapped his hall at about 28,000 feet. In fact, he is 23490 Fu8. Rock came to this figure with the help of his aneroid barometer and his inspiration-amateur methods, which later set him embarrassed

Joseph F. Rock (1884-1962) 13FltShe in National Geographic, which caused him to stir the curiosity of a generation of mountaineers. The weather was good and the view was excellent, so Rock made spectacular photos; he made a detailed sketch of the mountain range. After doing what he could, there was no reason to walk around and hurt the invisible Ngoloks. Within a week he returned to Ragya zunick. No one was going to meet his travel group. His most exciting encounter, indeed, was with two Tibetan women who surrounded the sacred mountains with their bodies, constantly burying themselves - a process that they optimistically estimated for two months. Although he had not found any higher Everest, Rock was quite satisfied with himself and the originality of his company. He was only concerned that the meager botanical yield would be affected by Sargent. The latter, however, had grown philosophical, replied: 'Do not forget that it is equally important to find out that in a country no plants grow like what grows, and from this greatness I regard the Tibet journey as Edolg Ragya to Labrang end was more dangerous than the journey through the Ngolok area, as the caravan was in the middle of a fight between two nomad voters. Rock made it possible to negotiate and pay his way to safety, and he did well Labrang, three months ahead of the planned seven, and on 9 August he was back in Choni, Hirsty Yang rode to welcome him and tell him the last bad news.In the following, the sources for this presentation are published, Rock's diary describing the journey of the expedition, and Rock's correspondence with Charles Sargent, his client. Both reports complement each other and reflect different aspects. It is particularly delightful to lay Rocks' splendid book on the Amnye Machhen. 9 Don has given rock, besides geographic and historical reports from Chinese sources, photographs, and Karen, also an objective, scientific account of the same voyage. Thus, the present material provides us with the opportunity to analyze the various aspects and editorial stages of this travel report. This is not, of course, made in the present edition, but with the help of the material. For a wider audience, Rock has also delivered a richly illustrated article, Mr National Geographic.10

14 Introduction
Rock was a good enabler, and so the representations are anything but dry; in the difficulty of the journey, one sometimes wonders what reality, and what Rock's projections and opinions were. Rock's writings of names have been retained, though they are by no means uniform; the register tried to link these different forms. Thanks to the Arnold Arboretum for the provision of the Bride and the Botanical Garden in Edinburgh for the copy of the diary.

A SUIVRE--

MOONDUNES 03 Sept 2017

MOONDUNES--JC Langelle  (c) 2017


bOARDS INCLUDE THE African Mask series, the Formcube, El Camino Irreal and structures listed under DIGM: The following is an example of the Formcube and Irreal fields.


https://www.pinterest.com/moondunes/boards/

A SUIVRE--