ANTHROPOLOGY 101--Castes and Karl Marx--ECONOMIC, NOT SOCIAL, STRATIFICATION

Following from Das Kapital-- Volume One--
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch14.htm#n4




Chapter Fourteen: Division of Labour and Manufacture--


SECTION 2 THE DETAIL LABOURER AND HIS IMPLEMENTS


Manufacture, in fact, produces the skill of the detail labourer, by reproducing, and systematically driving to an extreme within the workshop, the naturally developed differentiation of trades which it found ready to hand in society at large. On the other hand, the conversion of fractional work into the life-calling of one man, corresponds to the tendency shown by earlier societies, to make trades hereditary; either to petrify them into castes, or whenever definite historical conditions beget in the individual a tendency to vary in a manner incompatible with the nature of castes, to ossify them into guilds. Castes and guilds arise from the action of the same natural law, that regulates the differentiation of plants and animals into species and varieties, except that, when a certain degree of development has been reached, the heredity of castes and the exclusiveness of guilds are ordained as a law of society.  (Footnote 4)--


Footnote 4--The arts also have ... in Egypt reached the requisite degree of perfection. For it is the only country where artificers may not in any way meddle with the affairs of another class of citizens, but must follow that calling alone which by law is hereditary in their clan.... In other countries it is found that tradesmen divide their attention between too many objects. At one time they try agriculture, at another they take to commerce, at another they busy themselves with two or three occupations at once. In free countries, they mostly frequent the assemblies of the people.... In Egypt, on the contrary, every artificer is severely punished if he meddles with affairs of State, or carries on several trades at once. Thus there is nothing to disturb their application to their calling.... Moreover, since, they inherit from their forefathers numerous rules, they are eager to discover fresh advantages” (Diodorus Siculus: Bibl. Hist. I. 1. c., 74.)


NOTE--Such also appears the role of  (the) Anthropology (clan) as it attempt to justify its relevance from a holistic standpoint by borrowing concepts and theories from other disciplines.

ANTHROPOLOGY--Etymology and Origin of Term-- VARIOUS SOURCES

Following from the archives--


https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8u1RHKQAUC&pg=PA422&lpg=PA422&dq=marcel+de+serres++anthropology&source=bl&ots=VIy50P6Fay&sig=CfgumbfsH1Iw3aHtJWqGrpXhsuM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKs7ef2dDWAhUBWmMKHeAMDyYQ6AEIPDAG#v=onepage&q=marcel%20de%20serres%20%20anthropology&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=charles+whittlesey++anthropology&source=bl&ots=cnwMS_ThRe&sig=a2iRJJXVJtDYsvY0Ljufe8-dtQE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia872MxNDWAhUR42MKHYJMCn0Q6AEILTAD#v=onepage&q=charles%20whittlesey%20%20anthropology&f=false


Origin of Term--p. 146

Theodore-Jules-Ernest Hamy. - Perhaps the oldest professorship of anthropology at any seat of learning is that connected with the Paris
Obgllizod by Gawk)
146
AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 1t, 1909
Museum of Natural History. It was originally a chair of anatomy, but the name was changed in aso to that of the natural history of man, or "anthropology " as it came to be called by Professor Serres who was the incumbent at the time. The latter was succeeded by de Quatrefages, and he in turn by the subject of this sketch, Professor E. 'I'. Hamy, whose death occurred November 18, 1908.
American Anthropologist, Vol. 11 American Anthropological Assn, 1909








Origin of "Sociology": Deductive-Inductive--


https://books.google.com/books?id=hDHuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=MARCEL+DE+SERRES++ANTHROPOLOGY&source=bl&ots=EFymYptv_4&sig=HpczXIAzLWTTyQmwcCtV94YiVYI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF1qb009DWAhVLwGMKHZR7DpgQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=MARCEL%20DE%20SERRES%20%20ANTHROPOLOGY&f=false